Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances in the world, and it is the most toxic protein.[1] Though it is highly toxic, it is used in minute doses both to treat painful muscle spasms, and as a cosmetic treatment in some parts of the world. It is sold commercially under the brand names Botox, Dysport, and Myobloc for this purpose. The terms Botox, Dysport, and Myobloc are trade names and are not used generically to describe the neurotoxins produced by C. botulinum. Doctors use it to :
Temporary removal of facial wrinkles
Severe underarm sweating
Cervical dystonia - a neurological disorder that causes severe neck and shoulder muscle contractions
Blepharospasm - uncontrollable blinking
Strabismus - misaligned eyes
Botox injections work by weakening or paralyzing certain muscles or by blocking certain nerves. The effects last about three to four months. Side effects can include pain at the injection site, flu-like symptoms, headache and upset stomach. Injections in the face may also cause temporary drooping eyelids. You should not use Botox if you are pregnant or breast feeding.
Botox
Plastic surgery,history etc etc.
Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes a variety of fields: craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, burn surgery, microsurgery, and pediatric surgery. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as plastic
History
Plastic surgery reaches back to the 700s BCE. Physicians in ancient India including Sushruta were making use of skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as the 8th century BC. In his work Sushruta Samhita describes rhinoplasty and otoplasty. This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in India up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in Gentleman's Magazine (October 1794).
The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. Due to religious reasons they didn't approve of the dissection of both human beings and animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding this Aulus Cornelius Celsus has left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which —for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton— are of special interest to plastic surgery.
In 1465, Sabuncuoglu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia (Kitabul Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye -Cerrahname-Tip Tarihi Enstitüsü, Istanbul)[citation needed] In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became commonplace.
Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making elective surgery possible.
In 1791, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.
The U.S.'s first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer. In 1827, he performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. The New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies, an otolaryngologist, developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in World War I. His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. Plastic surgery as a specialty evolved tremendously during the 20th Century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Dr. Vilray Blair, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on “Reconstructive Surgery of the Face” set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction. He was also one of the first surgeons without a dental background to be elected to the American Association of Oral and Plastic Surgery (later the organizations split to be renamed the American Association of Plastic Surgeons and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons) and taught many surgeons who became leaders in the field of plastic surgery
Demi Moore
Friday, September 14, 2007
Demi Moore - $600,000 on Plastic Surgery?!
ABC Chicago
Demi Moore reports having some "$600,000 worth of plastic surgery. That includes breast implants, collagen injections, liposuction and a $12,000 procedure to lift sagging skin around her knees."
She pays much more than the average patient at Beverly Hills prices, but it is still pretty amazing.
Surgery of the skin :Skin biopsy
Surgery of the skin is usually performed by dermatologists or skin specialists plastic surgeons. In most situations, local anaesthesia is used. Types of skin surgery include:
Skin biopsy
Excision of skin lesions
Curettage & cautery
Skin grafting
Mohs microscopically (for difficult skin cancers)
Cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen)
Why do you need to have a skin biopsy?
Skin biopsies are performed to help with the diagnosis of your skin condition.
There are two situations in which this usually occurs:
To find out the different types of rashes or skin lesions. Skin biopsy could provide some information in this process.
If you are a suspect of skin cancer, biopsy is taken to confirm that the skin cancer is present. The biopsy may also give the dermatologists information on the types of skin cancer you are having and then would prescrible the best possible types of treatment.
Changing Faces
JANET JARMAN/CONTACT PRESS IMAGES FOR TIME
Tokyo's Kimura revels in a night out on the town after her eyelid, chin and nose surgery
At 18, Saeko Kimura was a shy, sleepy-eyed university student. Until she discovered a secret weapon: if she applied a strip of glue to her eyelids, her eyes became wider, rounder, prettier. "Men noticed me," she says. "I became outgoing. Suddenly, I had a life." Her new looks also landed her part-time work as a hostess in an upmarket bar, where she gets top dollar on a pay scale determined by beauty.
But Kimura lived in fear of discovery, rushing off to the bathroom several times a day to reapply the glue and never daring to visit the beach. And so, at 21, she finds herself in a doctor's office in a Tokyo high-rise, lying on an operating table with her fists nervously clenched. Plastic surgeon Katsuya Takasu breezes in wielding a cartoonishly enormous needle. "This will hurt a little," he says cheerfully. Once the anesthetic is administered, Takasu brandishes another, hooked needle and threads it through Kimura's upper eyelids, creating a permanent crease. He then injects a filler fluid called hyaluronic acid into her nose and chin and pinches them into shape. Takasu inspects his handiwork. "The swelling will go down in a few days," he says. "But even if you went out tonight in Roppongi, you'd be a hit." A nurse hands Kimura a mirror. Though red and puffy, she now has the face she's always dreamed of: big, round eyes, a tall nose, a defined chin. The entire procedure took less than 10 minutes. But Kimura collapses with an ice pack on her face and moans, "Oh, the pain."
What we won't do for beauty. Around Asia, women—and increasingly, men—are nipping and tucking, sucking and suturing, injecting and implanting, all in the quest for better looks. In the past, Asia had lagged behind the West in catching the plastic surgery wave, held back by cultural hang-ups, arrested medical skills and a poorer consumer base. But cosmetic surgery is now booming throughout Asia like never before. In Taiwan, a million procedures were performed last year, double the number from five years ago. In Korea, surgeons estimate that at least one in 10 adults have received some form of surgical upgrade and even tots have their eyelids done. The government of Thailand has taken to hawking plastic surgery tours. In Japan, noninvasive procedures dubbed "petite surgery" have set off such a rage that top clinics are raking in $100 million a year.
Elsewhere in Asia, this explosion of personal re-engineering is harder to document, because for every skilled and legitimate surgeon there seethes a swarm of shady pretenders. Indonesia, for instance, boasts only 43 licensed plastic surgeons for a population of about 230 million; yet an estimated 400 illicit procedures are performed each week in the capital alone. In Shenzhen, the Chinese boomtown, thousands of unlicensed "beauty-science centers" lure hordes of upwardly mobile patients, looking to buy a new pair of eyes or a new nose as the perfect accessory to their new cars and new clothes.
The results are often disastrous. In China alone, over 200,000 lawsuits were filed in the past decade against cosmetic surgery practitioners, according to the China Quality Daily, an official consumer protection newspaper. The dangers are greatest in places like Shenzhen that specialize in cut-price procedures. "Any Tom, Dick or Harry with a piece of paper—genuine or not—can practice over there," says Dr. Philip Hsieh, a Hong Kong-based plastic surgeon. "They use things that have not been approved, just for a quick buck. And people in China don't know that they're subjecting themselves to this kind of risk."
Of course, Asians have always suffered for beauty. Consider the ancient practice of foot binding in China, or the stacked, brass coils used to distend the necks of Karen women. In fact, some of the earliest records of reconstructive plastic surgery come from sixth century India: the Hindu medical chronicle Susruta Samhita describes how noses were recreated after being chopped off as punishment for adultery.
From Time Magazine: Plastic Surgery- Changing Faces
Liposuction
Liposuction may be termed in a variety of ways to describe the procedure designed to remove localized fat in one or more areas of the body, including abdominal liposuction (stomach liposuction), face liposuction (chin liposuction and cheek liposuction), neck liposuction, as well as liposuction of the thighs and arms.
Most people who choose liposuction are women, but male liposuction has become more and more popular in recent years.
The Liposuction Procedure
This plastic surgery procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia, but in some cases, local anesthesia. The decision for which type of anesthesia to use involves both you and your doctor and takes into account how much time the surgery takes. Time in surgery varies, depending on the size of the area being treated, but it is usually less than an hour. However, many people choose to treat multiple areas, which will increase the total time. General anesthesia is also preferred for people who wish to avoid the possibility of anxiety or discomfort that they may associate with the procedure.
With more recently developed techniques such as tumescent liposuction, local anesthetics provide both a numbing effect and a means to help remove fat. Also, a local anesthetic may be better when removing small areas of fat in one region that doesn't require much time in surgery.
Fat deposits adhere to the underside of the skin and can be removed if they can be dislodged. First, you would receive a local anesthetic in the area to be treated, as well as any additional anesthetics that you and your doctor decide upon. Your surgeon would make an incision and insert a cannula (a long, hollow needle) under the skin, scraping it along the underside skin surface to loosen the fat deposits. The fat deposits are then sucked into the vacuum through a tube connected to the cannula. More here
Surgical methods of penis enlargement — not for cosmetic use
Some surgeons have developed several different enlargement techniques, none of them endorsed by medical organizations. The American Urological Association, the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and the American Society of Plastic Surgeons(ASPS) have all issued policy statements against cosmetic surgical procedures to enhance the penis.
A few different techniques are used to lengthen a penis. All of them are experimental. There aren't enough studies of penis augmentation surgery to give an accurate picture of results and risks of complications.
One procedure to lengthen the penis involves severing the suspensory ligament that attaches the penis to the pubic bone and moving skin from the abdomen to the penile shaft. When this ligament is cut, the penis may look longer because more of it hangs down. But cutting the suspensory ligament can cause an erect penis to be unstable and position itself at odd angles, particularly when erect.
Another operation advances a skin flap from the pubic area onto the penis. This procedure can lead to severe deformities, such as hair growth on the base of the penis, scarring and other problems.
Some procedures to make the penis thicker involve suctioning fat from a fleshy part of the body and injecting the fat into the penis. Another technique is simply to graft fat cut away from the buttocks or abdomen onto the penile shaft. Some practitioners use tissue from cadavers.
None of these techniques has been proved to be safe or effective. The ASPS considers injecting fat into the penis of unproven benefit and unknown safety. Potential risks of these techniques include infection, loss of sensation in the skin, excessive bleeding and loss of penile function. While this may increase penis girth, the body can reabsorb the fat over time and cause an irregular contour to the penis. In one study, less than a third of the injected fat remained after one year following injection.
Surgery is risky, costly and unlikely to produce satisfactory results
Studies have shown that the majority of men who undergo penis enlargement surgery aren't satisfied with the results. Surgery may at best add an average of half an inch to the length of the flaccid penis. Surgery may not add any length to the erect penis.
Following various types of cosmetic penile enhancement surgery, some men have had to undergo additional operations to correct deformities caused by the original procedure. The ill effects include scarring, a shorter penis, hair on the base of the penis, a low-hanging penis, loss of sensitivity and abnormal fat lumps. Other complaints include impotence (erectile dysfunction), urinary incontinence and persistent pain.
Then there's the cost: as much as $10,000 for a typical penis-enlargement surgery that doesn't require additional corrective surgery. Because cosmetic surgery is seldom covered by insurance, you'll likely have to bear the entire expense.
Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/penis/MC00026
Penis Enlargement Surgery
Penis Widening may be performed as an independent procedure, or combined with penis lengthening, glanular enhancement and supra-pubic lipo. Clients have a choice of using Allograft Dermal Matrix Grafting (Alloderm ®), or Autologolous Dermal Grafting.
The surgery is performed with curvilinear incision in the infra-pubic region at the base of the penis that approximately 2 inches in length and a second incision usually made approximately 5 mm proximal to the glans (the head) of the penis. This incision in necessary in order to insert the AlloDerm/Dermal grafting below the skin inside the front part of the penis for the girth enhancement procedure. Extreme precaution is taken to avoid major blood vessels and nerves.
Patients can expect a circumference girth gain of 3/4" to 1" with Allograft Dermal Matrix Grafting (Alloderm ®), or 1" to 2" circumference girth gain with Autologolous Dermal Grafting.
Penis Lengthening may be performed as an independent procedure, or combined with penis widening/glanular enhancement and supra-pubic lipo. The penis is held within the body by the suspensory ligament. Lengthening is acheived by releasing the suspensory ligament from the pubic bone, allowing the inner penis to advance outside of the body. The procedure is performed through a discreet transverse incision in the supra-pubic region above the base of the penis.
Patients can expect a length gain of 1-2 inches with surgical intervention coupled with post-op physiotherapy.
Glanular Enhancement may be performed as an independent procedure, or combined with penis widening, penis lengthening and supra-pubic lipo.
Patients can expect a circumference gain of 10% to 25% of the ridge section, about a 1/3 of the way up within the coronal ridge
Source: http://www.mynewsize.com/procedures.htm#Lengthening
